Topics Include in Biology Notes PDF:
DIVERSITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS
➔ The Living World (Biodiversity, Classification, Three domain of Life, Taxonomy & Systematics, Concept of species and Taxonomic Hierarchy, Binomial nomenclature, Tools for study of Taxonomy and more)
➔ Biological Classification (Five kingdom classification, History, Kingdom of Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi)
➔ Plant Kingdom (Classification, Algae, Bryophyta, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae, Characteristic differentiation, Plant life cycle & Alternation of Generation)
➔ Animal Kingdom (Basis of Classification, Classification of Animals, Salient features of different phyla in Animal kingdom)
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN PLANTS & ANIMALS
➔ Morphology of Flowering Plants (Root, Stem, Leaf, Inflorescence, Flower, Fruit, Seed, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae, Gramineae and more)
➔ Anatomy of Flowering Plants (Tissue, Tissue system, Anatomy of Dicot & Monocot plants, Anatomy of leaves, Secondary growth and more)
➔ Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal tissues, Organ & organ system)
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
➔ Cell: The Unit of Life (Cell theory, Prokaryotic cell, Eukaryotic cell (Plant cell, Animal cell, Plasma membrane, Cell wall), Cell Organelles, Endomembrane System and more)
➔ Biomolecules and Enzymes
➔ Cell Cycle and Cell Division (Mitosis, Meiosis)
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
➔ Transport in Plants (Direction of Transport, Cell to cell Transport, Plant water relation, Long distance transport of water, Transpiration, Uptake & Translation of Mineral Nutrients)
➔ Mineral Nutrition (Methods to study mineral requirements of Plants, Essential mineral elements, deficiency symptoms of essential elements, Mineral Toxicity, Mechanism of elements absorption, Translocation of mineral ions, Metabolism of Nitrogen)
➔ Photosynthesis in Higher Plants (Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition, Historic account, Place of Photosynthesis, Pigments involved in Photosynthesis, Mechanism of Photosynthesis, Photorespiration, Factors affecting photosynthesis)
➔ Respiration in Plants (Do Plants Breathe, Exchange of Gases, Cellular Respiration, Respiratory balance sheet, Amphibolic Pathway, Respiratory quotient)
➔ Plant-Growth and Development (Germination of Seed, Growth, Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation, Development, Plant growth regulation, Seed Dormancy, Flowering)
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
➔ Digestion and Absorption (Digestive system, Digestion of food, Absorption of Digested food, Disorders of Digestive system)
➔ Breathing and Respiration (Respiratory organs, Human Respiratory system, Mechanism of Breathing, Exchange of Gases, Transport of Gases, Regulation of Respiration, Respiratory disorders)
➔ Body Fluids and Circulation (Blood, Lymph, Circulatory pathway, Double circulation)
➔ Excretory Products and their Elimination (Human excretory system, Urine formation, Mechanism of concertation of Filtrate, Regulation of Kidney function, Micturition, Role of other organs in excretion, Disorder of Excretory system)
➔ Locomotion and Movement (Types of movement, Muscles, Skeletal system, Joints, Disorders of skeletal & Muscular system)
➔ Neural (Nervous) Control and Coordination (Neural / Nervous system, Human Nervous system, Neuron as structural & Functional unit of neural system, Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system, Reflex action & reflex arc, Sensory organs, Disorders of nervous system & senses organs)
➔ Chemical Coordination and Integration (Human Endocrine system, Hormones secreted from Non-Endocrine Glans, Mechanism of Hormone action)
REPRODUCTION
➔ Reproduction in Organism (Modes of Reproduction, Asexual Reproduction, Types of Sexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction)
➔ Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Development of Male & Female Gametophytes, Pollination, Out Breeding Devices, Pollen-Pistil Interaction, Double Fertilization, Post Fertilization events, Special modes of fruit formation, Significance of seed and fruit formation)
➔ Human Reproduction (Male Reproduction system, Female reproduction system, Microscopic Anatomy of Testis and Ovary, Gametogenesis, Menstrual cycle, Fertilization to Implantation, Pregnancy and Placenta formation, Parturition, Lactation)
➔ Reproductive Health (Birth control, Amino Centesis, Infertility & Assisted Reproductive Technologies)
GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
➔ Heredity and Variation (Some genetical term, Heredity and Its Transmission, Polygenic Inheritance, Chromosomes, Genes, Sex Determination, Linkage & Crossing over, Sex linked Inheritance, Mendelian disorder in Human, Chromosomal disorders)
➔ Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Search for Genetic material, DNA as A Genetic Material, Nucleic Acids, DNA, RNA, DNA Packaging, DNA Replication, Central Dogma, Transcription, Genetic code, Translation, Gene Expression & Regulation, Human Genome project, DNA finger printing)
➔ Evolution – Origin of Life (Theories for Origin of Life, Chemical evolution, Biological evolution, Evidence of Biological evolution, Theories of Biological evolution, Natural selection, Reproductive Isolation, Speciation, Mimicry, Gene flow, Genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg Principle, Adaptive Radiation, Human Evolution)
BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
➔ Human Health and Diseases (Basic concept of Immunology, Cancer, HIV & AIDS, Adolescence, Drug & Alcohol Abuse)
➔ Improvement in Food Production (Introduction, Apiculture & Animal Husbandry)
➔ Microbes in Human Welfare (Microbes in Household food Production, in Industrial Production, in Sewage Treatment, in Biogas Production, as Biocontrol Agents, As Biofertilizers)
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
➔ Biotechnology – Principles and Processes
➔ Biotechnology and its Applications (Green Biotechnology, Red Biotechnology, White/Grey Biotechnology, Blue Biotechnology)
➔ Biosafety issues, Biopiracy & Patents on GMO
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
➔ Organisms and Populations (Organism & It’s environment, Population & Ecological Adaptation, Population Interaction, Population Attributes)
➔ Ecosystem (Types of Ecosystem, Component of Ecosystem, Productivity, Decomposition, Energy flow, Pyramid of Ecosystem, Nutrient cycle, Ecological succession, Nutrient cycle, Ecological services)
➔ Biodiversity and Its Conservation (Concept of Biodiversity, Number of Species on Earth, Number of Species on Earth, Pattern of Biodiversity, Importance of Biodiversity, Loss of Biodiversity, Loss of Biodiversity, Biodiversity conservation, Hot spots, Endangered species & Red data book)
➔ Environmental Issues (Air pollution & their Effects, Noise Pollution, Water Pollution & It’s Control, Agrochemicals & their effects, Solid waste management, Radioactive waste management, Greenhouse effect & Global warming, Ozone Depletion, Deforestation, Special point)
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